Six kingdoms
In the years around 1980 there was an emphasis on phylogeny and redefining the kingdoms to be monophyletic groups, groups made up of relatively closely related organisms. The Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi were generally reduced to core groups of closely related forms, and the others placed into the Protista. Based on RNA studies Carl Woese divided the prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera) into two kingdoms, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Carl Woese attempted to establish a Three Primary Kingdom (or Urkingdom) system in which Plants, Animals, Protista, and Fungi were lumped into one primary kingdom of all eukaryotes. The Eubacteria and Archaebacteria made up the other two urkingdoms. The initial use of "six Kingdom systems" represents a blending of the classic Five Kingdom system and Woese's Three Kingdom system. Such six Kingdom systems have become standard in many works.[3]
A variety of new eukaryotic kingdoms were also proposed, but most were quickly invalidated, ranked down to phyla or classes, or abandoned. The only one which is still in common use is the kingdom Chromista proposed by Cavalier-Smith, including organisms such as kelp, diatoms, and water moulds. Thus the eukaryotes are divided into three primarily heterotrophic groups, the Animalia, Fungi, and Protozoa, and two primarily photosynthetic groups, the Plantae (including red and green algae) and Chromista. However, it has not become widely used because of uncertainty over the monophyly of the latter two kingdoms.
Woese stresses genetic similarity over outward appearances and behaviour, relying on comparisons of ribosomal RNA genes at the molecular level to sort out classification categories. A plant does not look like an animal, but at the cellular level, both groups are eukaryotes, having similar subcellular organization, including cell nuclei, which the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria do not have. More importantly, plants, animals, fungi, and protists are more similar to each other in their genetic makeup at the molecular level, based on RNA studies, than they are to either the Eubacteria or Archaebacteria. Woese also found that all of the eukaryotes, lumped together as one group, are more closely related, genetically, to the Archaebacteria than they are to the Eubacteria. This means that the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are separate groups even when compared to the eukaryotes. So, Woese established the Three-domain system, clarifying that all the Eukaryotes are more closely genetically related compared to their genetic relationship to either the bacteria or the archaebacteria, without having to replace the "six kingdom systems" with a three kingdom system. The Three Domain system is a "six kingdom system" that unites the eukaryotic kingdoms into the Eukarya Domain based on their relative genetic similarity when compared to the Bacteria Domain and the Archaea Domain. Woese also recognized that the Protista Kingdom is not a monophyletic group and might be further divided at the level of Kingdom. Others have divided the Protista Kingdom into the Protozoa and the Chromista, for instance.
[edit] Recent Advances
Classification is an ongoing area of research and discussion. As new findings and technologies become available they allow the refinement of the model. For example, gene sequencing techniques allow the comparison of the genome of different groups (Phylogenomics). A study published in 2007 by Fabien Burki, et al[4] proposes four high level groups of eukaryotes based on phylogenomics research.
1. Plantae (green and red algae, and plants)
2. Opisthokonts (amoebas, fungi, and animals)
3. Excavata (free-living and parasitic protists)
4. SAR (acronym for Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizaria–the names of some of its members. Burki found that the previously split groups Rhizaria and Chromalveolates were more similar in 123 common genes than once thought.)
Recent phylogenetic studies suggest there are anywhere from 18 to over 30 different kingdoms that have been discovered.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subkingdom
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ANIMALS : The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species
PLANT :You are probably quite familiar with the members of this kingdom as it contains all the plants that you have come to know - flowering plants, mosses, and ferns. Plants are all multicellular and consist of complex cells. With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom. Plant species range from the tiny green mosses to giant trees.In addition, plants are autotrophs, organisms that make their own food.All animals consist of many complex cells. They are also heterotrophs.
PROTISTS : Slime molds and algae are protists.
Sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi.
FUNGI : Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi. Most fungi are multicellular and consists of many complex cells.
Archaebacteria : Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments.
Eubacteria :Like archaebacteria, eubacteria are complex and single celled. Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar withEubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different. Most eubacteria are helpful. Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt.
I got this information off of this website. There is tons more about the 6 kingdoms on it. If you still need help please email me at caitlin_cac@yahoo.com. Hope this helps!!
- http://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080105110326AAAmx7Y
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Mammals
Common Name Scientific Name
antelope, prong-horned Antilocapra americana (Ord)
badger Taxidea taxus (Shreber)
bats *
free-tailed Tadarida spp (3)
mastif Eumops spp (2)
plain-nosed Myotis spp (9)
bear, black Euarctos americanus (Pallas)
beaver Castor canadensis Kuhle
bobcat Lynx rufus (Shreber)
chipmunk Eutamias spp (4)
coati (or coatimundi) Nasua narica (Linnaeus)
coyote Canis latrans Say
deer
mule (or black-tailed) Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque)
white-tailed (or eastern) O. virginianus (Zimmermann)
elk Cervus canadensis (Erxleben)
fox
gray Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Shreber)
Kit Vulpes macrotis Merriam
gopher, pocket Thomomys spp (3)
javelina Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus)
mountain lion Felis concolor Linnaeus
mouse (most common)
cactus Peromyscus eremicus (Baird)
pinyon P. truei (Shufeldt) **
pocket Perognathus spp (10)
muskrat Ondatra zibethica (Linnaeus)
otter, river Lutra canadensis (Shreber)
prairie dog, Gunnison's Cynomys gunnisoni
porcupine Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus
rabbit
cottontail Sylvilagus spp (3)
jack Lepus spp (2)
raccoon Procyon lotor (Linnaeus)
rat
kangaroo Dipodomys spp (5)
pack Neotoma albigula Hartley
wood Neotoma spp (4)
ringtail Bassariscus astutus (Lichenstein)
sheep, bighorn Ovis canadensis Shaw
shrew
desert Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues)
vagrant (and others) Sorex spp (4)
skunk
hog-nosed Conepatus mesoleucus Lichenstein
hooded Mephitis macroura (Lichenstein)
striped M. mephitis (Shreber)
spotted Spilogale putorius (Linnaeus)
squirrel
Abert's Sciurus aberti Woodhouse
Kaibab Sub S. aberti
Apache S. apache J.A. Allen
Arizona gray S. arizonensis (Coues)
red Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
ground Citellus spp (7)
vole
long-tailed Microtus longicaudus Merriam
Mexican M. Mexicanus (Saussure)
montane M. montanus (Peale)
[page 158]
Birds
Common Name Scientific Name
Dove
Mourning Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus)
White-winged Z. asiatica (Linnaeus)
Eagle
Bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)
Golden Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus)
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray Polioptila caerulea (Linnaeus)
Grosbeak, Blue Guiraea caerulea (Linnaeus)
Grouse, Blue (or Dusky) Dendragapus obscurus (Say)
Hawk
Cooper's Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte)
Red-tailed (or Common) Buteo jamaicensis (Gmelin)
Jay, Rocky Mountain (also Gray or Canada) Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus)
Kestrel, American Falco sparverius Linnaeus
Owl
Elf Micrathene whitneyi (Cooper)
Great-Horned Bubo virginianus (Gmelin)
Pelican
Brown Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus
White P. erythrorhynchos Gmelin
Pigeon, Band-tailed Columba fasciata Say
Pipit, Water (or American) Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus)
Pheasant Phasianus colchicas
Quail
Bobwhite Colinus virginianus
Gambel's (or Desert) Lophortyx Gambelii Gambel
Scaled Callipepla squamata (Vigors)
Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus (Lesson)
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus)
Sparrow
Chipping Spizella passerina (Bechstein)
Vesper Pooecetes gramineus (Gmelin)
Titmouse, Plain Parus inornatus Gambel
Turkey, Wild Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus
Vulture, Turkey Carthartes aura (Linnaeus)
Warbler, Lucy's Vermivora luciae (Cooper)
Woodpecker
Acorn Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson)
Gila Centurus uropygialis Baird
Wren, Cactus Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafresnaye)
Amphibians and Reptiles
Common Name Scientific Name
frog, canyon treefrog Hyla arenicolor Cope
lizard
banded gecko Coleonyx variegatus Baird
desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis Baird and Girard
Gila monster Heloderma suspectum Cope
side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard
whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus spp (6)
salamander, tiger Ambystoma tigrinum Green
snake
blind snake, western Leptotyphlops humilis Baird and Girard
bullsnake (or gopher snake) Pituophis melanoleucus Daudin
burrowing snake, banded Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope
coral snake, Arizona Micruroides euryxanthus Kennicott
garter snake, checkered Thamnophis marcianus Baird and Girard
glossy snake Arizona elegans Kennicott
leaf-nosed snake, saddled Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger
leaf-nosed snake, spotted P. decurtatus Cope
long-nosed snake Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard
shovel-nosed snake, Sonora Chionactis palarostris Kaluber
shovel-nosed snake, western C. occipitalis Hallowell
whipsnake (or coachwhip) Masticophis flagellum Shaw
whipsnake, striped M. taeniatus Hallowell
toad
Colorado River toad Bufo alvarius Girard
Great Plains toad B. cognatus Say
spadefoot toad, Couch's Scaphiopus couchi Baird
spadefoot toad, western S. (Spea) hammondi Baird
tortoise, desert Gopherus agassizi Cooper
- http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/azso/back.1_div.3.html
_______________________
Mammals
Common Name Scientific Name
antelope, prong-horned Antilocapra americana (Ord)
badger Taxidea taxus (Shreber)
bats *
free-tailed Tadarida spp (3)
mastif Eumops spp (2)
plain-nosed Myotis spp (9)
bear, black Euarctos americanus (Pallas)
beaver Castor canadensis Kuhle
bobcat Lynx rufus (Shreber)
chipmunk Eutamias spp (4)
coati (or coatimundi) Nasua narica (Linnaeus)
coyote Canis latrans Say
deer
mule (or black-tailed) Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque)
white-tailed (or eastern) O. virginianus (Zimmermann)
elk Cervus canadensis (Erxleben)
fox
gray Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Shreber)
Kit Vulpes macrotis Merriam
gopher, pocket Thomomys spp (3)
javelina Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus)
mountain lion Felis concolor Linnaeus
mouse (most common)
cactus Peromyscus eremicus (Baird)
pinyon P. truei (Shufeldt) **
pocket Perognathus spp (10)
muskrat Ondatra zibethica (Linnaeus)
otter, river Lutra canadensis (Shreber)
prairie dog, Gunnison's Cynomys gunnisoni
porcupine Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus
rabbit
cottontail Sylvilagus spp (3)
jack Lepus spp (2)
raccoon Procyon lotor (Linnaeus)
rat
kangaroo Dipodomys spp (5)
pack Neotoma albigula Hartley
wood Neotoma spp (4)
ringtail Bassariscus astutus (Lichenstein)
sheep, bighorn Ovis canadensis Shaw
shrew
desert Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues)
vagrant (and others) Sorex spp (4)
skunk
hog-nosed Conepatus mesoleucus Lichenstein
hooded Mephitis macroura (Lichenstein)
striped M. mephitis (Shreber)
spotted Spilogale putorius (Linnaeus)
squirrel
Abert's Sciurus aberti Woodhouse
Kaibab Sub S. aberti
Apache S. apache J.A. Allen
Arizona gray S. arizonensis (Coues)
red Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
ground Citellus spp (7)
vole
long-tailed Microtus longicaudus Merriam
Mexican M. Mexicanus (Saussure)
montane M. montanus (Peale)
[page 158]
Birds
Common Name Scientific Name
Dove
Mourning Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus)
White-winged Z. asiatica (Linnaeus)
Eagle
Bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)
Golden Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus)
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray Polioptila caerulea (Linnaeus)
Grosbeak, Blue Guiraea caerulea (Linnaeus)
Grouse, Blue (or Dusky) Dendragapus obscurus (Say)
Hawk
Cooper's Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte)
Red-tailed (or Common) Buteo jamaicensis (Gmelin)
Jay, Rocky Mountain (also Gray or Canada) Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus)
Kestrel, American Falco sparverius Linnaeus
Owl
Elf Micrathene whitneyi (Cooper)
Great-Horned Bubo virginianus (Gmelin)
Pelican
Brown Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus
White P. erythrorhynchos Gmelin
Pigeon, Band-tailed Columba fasciata Say
Pipit, Water (or American) Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus)
Pheasant Phasianus colchicas
Quail
Bobwhite Colinus virginianus
Gambel's (or Desert) Lophortyx Gambelii Gambel
Scaled Callipepla squamata (Vigors)
Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus (Lesson)
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus)
Sparrow
Chipping Spizella passerina (Bechstein)
Vesper Pooecetes gramineus (Gmelin)
Titmouse, Plain Parus inornatus Gambel
Turkey, Wild Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus
Vulture, Turkey Carthartes aura (Linnaeus)
Warbler, Lucy's Vermivora luciae (Cooper)
Woodpecker
Acorn Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson)
Gila Centurus uropygialis Baird
Wren, Cactus Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafresnaye)
Amphibians and Reptiles
Common Name Scientific Name
frog, canyon treefrog Hyla arenicolor Cope
lizard
banded gecko Coleonyx variegatus Baird
desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis Baird and Girard
Gila monster Heloderma suspectum Cope
side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard
whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus spp (6)
salamander, tiger Ambystoma tigrinum Green
snake
blind snake, western Leptotyphlops humilis Baird and Girard
bullsnake (or gopher snake) Pituophis melanoleucus Daudin
burrowing snake, banded Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope
coral snake, Arizona Micruroides euryxanthus Kennicott
garter snake, checkered Thamnophis marcianus Baird and Girard
glossy snake Arizona elegans Kennicott
leaf-nosed snake, saddled Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger
leaf-nosed snake, spotted P. decurtatus Cope
long-nosed snake Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard
shovel-nosed snake, Sonora Chionactis palarostris Kaluber
shovel-nosed snake, western C. occipitalis Hallowell
whipsnake (or coachwhip) Masticophis flagellum Shaw
whipsnake, striped M. taeniatus Hallowell
toad
Colorado River toad Bufo alvarius Girard
Great Plains toad B. cognatus Say
spadefoot toad, Couch's Scaphiopus couchi Baird
spadefoot toad, western S. (Spea) hammondi Baird
tortoise, desert Gopherus agassizi Cooper
- http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/azso/back.1_div.3.html
______________________
ANIMALS : The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species
PLANT :You are probably quite familiar with the members of this kingdom as it contains all the plants that you have come to know - flowering plants, mosses, and ferns. Plants are all multicellular and consist of complex cells. With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom. Plant species range from the tiny green mosses to giant trees.In addition, plants are autotrophs, organisms that make their own food.All animals consist of many complex cells. They are also heterotrophs.
PROTISTS : Slime molds and algae are protists.
Sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi.
FUNGI : Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi. Most fungi are multicellular and consists of many complex cells.
Archaebacteria : Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments.
Eubacteria :Like archaebacteria, eubacteria are complex and single celled. Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar withEubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different. Most eubacteria are helpful. Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt.
Nathan Watson
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